This syllabus can be also called as Universal Biology Syllabus, where we are covering almost all topics, which will be very helpful to you for crack any Competitive exams of the world.
| BIOLOGY SYLLABUS | |||
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CONTENT INDEX Diversity of Living Organism
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 The Living World
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– What is living ? – Biodiversity – Need for classification – Three domains of life |
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| Taxonomy & Nomenclature | – Taxonomy – Systematics – Basics of Systematic Study – Difference between Classical & Modern Taxonomy – Nomenclature (Polynomial & Binomial system) – Main Rules of ICBN |
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| Taxonomic Categories | – Types of Taxonomic Categories, – Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy, – Types of Taxonomy |
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| Tools for Study of Taxonomy (Taxonomical Aids) | – Herbarium, – Botanical Gardens, – Taxonomy Museums, – Zoological Parks (Zoo) |
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| Biological Classification
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Kingdom Monera | – Salient features (Characteristics) of Monera, – Classification of Monera – Bacteria Shape, – Structure of Bacteria, – Staining of Bacteria, – Nutrition in Bacteria, – Arhaebacteria, – Mycoplasma (PPLO) – Cyanobacteria – Difference Between Bacteria & Cyanobacteria |
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| Kingdom Protisa | – Life cycle in Protists – Salient features (Characteristics) of Protista – Classification of Protista – Major Groups of Protists (Chrysophytes, Dianoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime Moulds) – Protozoans (1. Flagellated Protozoans, 2. Amoebid Protozoans, 3. Sporozoans, 4. Ciliated Protozoans) |
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| Kingdom Fungi | – Salient features (characteristics) of Fungi (Thallus Organization, Specialized formation, Cell Organization) – Nutrition – Reproduction – Classification of Fungi (Phycomycetes, Rhizopus/Mucor, Albugo, Ascomycetes, Yeast, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes) |
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| Kingdom Plantae | – Classification of Plantae (Thallophyta, Bryophytes, Gymnosperms) | ||
| Kingdom Animalia | – Viruses, Viroids, & Lichens | ||
| Â Plant Kingdom
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– Salient features (characteristics) of Algae (Size, Reproduction) – Occurrence (Thallus Organisation, Pigmentation) – Economic Importance of Algae – Resemblances between Algae & Fungi – Classification of Algae (Chlorophyceae, Differences between Isogamy & Anisogamy, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae) |
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| Bryophytes | – Differences Between Antheridia & Archegonia – Salient features (characteristics) of Bryophytes – Economic importance of Bryophytes – Life Cycle of Bryophytes – Classification of Bryophytes (Liverworts, Mosses, Funaria, Riccia) |
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| Pteridophytes | – Salient features (characteristics) of Pteridophytes (Reproduction) – Affinites of Pteridophytes (Similarities with Bryophytes and Spermatophytes) – Classification (Salient features of sub-phyla) – Selaginelia – Fern – Economic importance |
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| Gymnosperms | – Salient features (characteristics) of Gymnosperms (Reproduction) – Classification of Gymnosperms – Life cycle of Gymnosperms – Gymnosperms wood – Pinus – Cycas |
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| Angiosperms | – Reproduction – Classification (Dicotyledons, Monocotyledons, Longevity, Habitat) – Salient features (characteristics) of Angiosperms – Plant life cycles & Alternation of generation |
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| Animal KingdomÂ
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Phylum Protozoa |
– Brief history |
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| Phylum Porifera (Sponge) | – Introduction to Phylum Porifera – Brief history – Body Organisation – Canal System – Skeleton – Unique Features – Salient Features (Characteristics) (Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongia) |
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| Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata) | – Introduction to Phylum Cnidaria – Brief history (Salient Features) – Classification of Coelenterata (1. Hydrozoa, 2. Scyphozoa, 3. Anthozoa) |
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| Phylum Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, & Aschelminthes (Nematoda) | – Phylum Ctenophora (Coelenterata) – Salient features (characteristics) – Classification of Ctenophora (1. Cydippida, 2. Lobata, 3. Cestida, 4. Platyctenea)– Phylum Platyhelminthes – Brief History (Salient features) – Classification of Platyhelminthes (1. Turbellaria, 2. Trematoda, 3. Cestoda)– Phylum Aschelminthes (Nematoda) – Class Phasmidia – Class Aphasmidia |
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| Phylum Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Echinodermata | – Phylum Annelida – Introduction – Classification & Unique features– Phylum Arthropoda – Introduction – Classification & Unique features– Phylum Mollusca – Introduction – Classification & Unique features– Phylum Echinodermata – Introduction – Classification & Unique features |
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| Phylum Chordata, Super class Pisces | – Phylum Chordata – Difference between lower and higher chordates – Classification of Chordata (A. Acrania (Protochordata), B. Craniata (Euchordata))– Superclass Pisces – General characteristics of Chondrichthyes – Classification of Chondrichthyes – General characters of Osteichthyes (1. Crossopterygii, 2. Dipnoi) |
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| Class – Amphibia, Raptilia, Aves, and Mammalia | – Class Amphibia – Classification– Reptilia – General characterstics of Reptilia – Classification– Class Aves – Characteristics & Classification– Class Mammalia – Characteristics & Classification |
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Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
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Morphology of Flowering Plants
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Root | – Characteristics of the root – Parts of the Root – Types of Root system (Tap root & Adventitious Root) – Modification of Roots |
| Stem | – Characteristics of Stem – Diverse forms of Stem – Modification of Stems |
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| Leaf | – Characteristics of Leaf – Parts of a typical Leaf – Types of stipules |
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| Flower | – Parts of a Typical Flower – General Description of a Flower – Symmetry of Flower (Arrangement of Floral Organs) – Detailed Structure of Flower – Bract – Thalamus – Perianth – Calyx – Corolla (Forms of Corolla) – Aestivation – Quincuncial – Androecium |
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| Fruit | – True fruit (False fruit or Pseudocarp) – Classification of Fruits – Fleshy Fruits are of following types – Simple Dry-Fruit – Four types of Schizocarpic Fruits – Aggregate fruits – Composite fruits – Dispersal of Fruits, and Seeds |
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| Families of Flowering Plants | – Subfamily – Papilionatae (Fabaceae) – Solanaceae – Liliaceae – Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) – Malvaceae – Compositeae (Asteraceae) |
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| Tissues | – Tissues – Classification of Meristematic Tissue – Composition of Apical Meristem in different Plants – Permanent Tissues – Parenchyma (Characteristic & modification) – Collenchyma (Characteristics, Occurrence, & Classification) – Sclerenchyma (Classification) |
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| Anatomy of Flowering PlantsÂ
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Xylem and Phloem | – Complex tissues – Xylem – The Elements of Xylem (Tracheids, Vessels, Xylem Fibres, Xylem Parenchyma) – Phloem (Companion cells, Phloem Fibers and Parenchyma) – Special Tissue or Secretory Tissue (Laticiferous and Glandular Tissue) |
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| Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants | – Root – Stem – Leaf – Inflorescence – Flower – Fruit – Seed |
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| Internal Structure of Stems, Roots and Leaves | –Â Internal structure of Dicot stems (Epidermis, Cortex, Pericycle, Vascular Bundle, Pith) – Internal structure of Monocotyledon Stem – Internal structure of Typical Dicotyledon Root – Internal structure of MonocotyledonRoot – Internal structure of Orchid Root – Internal structure of Dorsiventral leaves – Internal structure of Isobilateral Leaves – Vascular Bundles of leaves – Anomalous primary structure (in dicotyledon & in monocot stem) – Waiting meristem concept |
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| Secondary Growth | – Secondary Growth in Dicot stem – Classification of wood – Function – Bark – Kinds of Bark – Secondary Growth in Dicot Root – Functions of secondary meristem – Anomalous Secondary Growth in Dicot Stem – Anomalous Secondary Growth in Monocot Stem |
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Structural Organisation in Animals
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Animal tissues | – Kinds of Tissues (Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Neural Tissue) | |
| Earthworm | – Morphology – Anatomy – Functions of different systems (digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous and reproductive) |
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| Cockroach | – Morphology – Anatomy – Functions of different systems (digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous and reproductive) |
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| Frog | – Systematic position of Rana Tigrina – Anatomy – Difference between simple Epithelium & Compound Epithelium – Difference between Tendon & Ligament – Difference between Blood plasma & Blood Serum – Functions of different systems (digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous and reproductive) |
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Cell Structure and Function
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Cell-The Unit of LifeÂ
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 | – Cell theory & cell as the basic unit of life – Plant cell & Animal cell |
| Prokaryotic cells | – Structure of prokaryotic cells – Cell Envelope |
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| Eukaryotic cells | – Structure of eukaryotic cells – Cell Membrane (Lamellar Models, Mosaic Model, Membrane transport) – Bulk Transport – Cell wall (Growth of Cell Wall) – Cytoplasm – Endomembrane System (The Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus (Golgi bodies), Lysosomes (Types of Lysosomes), Vacuoles) – Miochondria (Enzymes of Mitochondria) – Plastids (Types of Plastids (Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts, Chloroplast)) – Ribosomes – Cytoskeleton – Nucleus (nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus) – Centrosome & Centrioles (ultrastructure and function) – Cilia & Flagella – Microbodies |
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| Biomolecules
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Carbohydrates and Lipids | – Micromolecules – Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides) – Lipids |
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| Proteins and Amino acids | – Protein (Structure of Proteins, Classification of Proteins, Function of proteins) – Amino acids (Structure & Composition, Classification, Functions of Amino Acids) |
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| Nuclic Acids & Enzymes | – Nucleic Acids (Types of Nucleosides & Nucleotides) – Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (Configuration of DNA Molecule, Types of DNA) – Ribo Nucleic Acid (Types of RNA) |
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| Cell Cycle and Cell DivisionÂ
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Phases of Cell Cycle and Cell Division | – G1 Phase/Pre- DNA Synthetic Phase/post Mitotic/Gap 1st – S-phase/Synthetic Phase – G2 Phase/Post Synthetic phase/Pre Mitotic/Gap 2nd – M-phase/Dividing phase/Mitotic Phase – G0 Phase (Quiescent Stage) – Differentiation phase – Duration of Cell Cycle – Regulation of Cell Cycle |
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| Mitosis and Meiosis | – Mitosis – Karyokinesis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) – Cytokinesis (Significance & Types of Mitosis)– Meiosis – Process of Meiosis – Meiosis I (Karyokinesis I, Prophase I, Zygotene/Zygonema, Pachytene/Pachynema, Diplotene/Diplonema, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Interphase) – Meiosis – II (Karyokinesis II, Cytokinesis II) – Difference between Mitosis & Meiosis – Types of Meiosis |
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Plant Physiology |
Transport in Plants
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 | – Movement of water, gases and nutrients – Cell to cell transport – Diffusion (Diffusion pressure, Diffusion pressure deficit (DPD) or Sunction pressure (SP), Factors Influencing rate of diffusion, Significance of Diffusion) – Facilitated diffusion – Diffusion of gases – Active transport |
| Plant-water relations | – Imbibition (Characteristics and Factors Influencing the Rate of Imbibition) – Permeability (Types of Membranes on the Basis of Permeability) – Water potential – Osmosis – Plasmolysis (Significance of Plasmolysis) |
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| Long distance transport of water | – Absorption of Water (Soil water, Water Absorbing Organs, Pathway of water movement in Root, Ascent of Sap) – Water movement up a plant (Transpiration pull, Root pressure & Guttation) |
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| Uptake & Translocation (Transport)Â of mineral nutrients | – Food Translocation in Plants – Factors affecting translocation – Phloem transport (Mass Flow Hypothesis or The Pressure Flow) |
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| Transpiration | – Types of Transpiration – Structure of Stomata – Mechanism of Opening & Closing of Stomata – Factors Affecting Stomatal opening & closing – Factors affecting the rate of Transpiration – Significance of Transpiration |
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| Mineral Nutrition
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 | – Hydroponics (elementary idea of hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition) – Essential minerals – Role of Macro and micronutrients – Mineral toxicity – Function & Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Minerals |
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| Nitrogen metabolism | – Nitrogen Cycle – Nitrogen Nutrition in Plants – Mechanism of Biological Nitrogen Fixation – Minerals for Plants |
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| Mineral Absorption | Passive Absorption of minerals Active Ion Absorption Factors Affecting Mineral Absorption |
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| Biosynthesis | Â | ||
| Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
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 | – Photosynthesis as a mean of autotrophic nutrition – Site of photosynthesis, – Pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea) – Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis – Cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation – Chemiosmotic hypothesis – Photorespiration – C3 and C4 pathways – Factors affecting photosynthesis. |
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| Mechanism of Photosynthesis | – Light Reaction – Quantum yield – Bariochemical reaction of Calvin Cycle |
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| C4 Cycle (Hatch & Slack Pathway) | – Special Features of C4 Plants – CAM Plants – C2 Cycle – Factors Affecting Photosynthasis – Bacterial Photosynthesis – Chemosynthesis – Significance of Photosynthesis |
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| Respiration in Plants | Plant Respiration | – Cellular Respiration – Do Plants Breathe ? – Exchange of gases – Respiration in Roots, Stems, & Leaves – Types of Respiration – Aerobic Respiration – The Respiration Balance Sheet – Amphibolic Pathway (Example of Amphibolic Pathway) – Difference Between Respiration & Photosynthesis – Difference between Aerobic Respiration & Anaerobic Respiration – Difference between Breathing & Respiration |
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| Â Steps of Respiration | – Glycolysis EMP (Embden, Meyerhof, Pamas) pathway – Formation of Acetyl-Co-A (Link/Gateway Reaction) – Kreb Cycle/TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid) Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle – ETS (Electronic transport system) Â & Oxidative Phosphorylation – Significance of HMP Shunt – Glyoxylate Cycle – Cyanide Resistant Pathway |
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| Fermentation & Factors Affecting Cell Respiration | – Fermentation – Respiratory Quotient (R.Q) – Factors Effecting Cell Respiration – Difference Between Glycolysis & Kreb’s Cycle |
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| Plant – Growth and Development | Â | – Characteristics of Growth – Seed Germination – Experiment to study phases of plant growth & plant growth rate – Types of growth – Factors affecting plant growth – Differentiation, Dedifferentiation, & Redifferentiation – Development – Plant Growth Regulators – Example of Plant Growth regulators – Characteristics of Plant Growth Regulators – Physiological effect of Plant growth regulators |
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| Plant Hormones | – Auxins – Physiological effect & Applications of Auxin – Bio-Assay – Gibberellins – Physiology Effects & Applications – ABSCISIC Acid (ABA C15H2004) – Ethylene – Cytokinin – Other Growth Regulating Substances |
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| Photoperiodism & Plant Movement | – Photoperiodism – Phytochrome – Vernalisation or Yarovization – Plant Senescence – Theories of Senescence – Abscission – Plant Movement |
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Human Physiology |
Digestion and Absorption | Â | – Digestion – Components of Digestive System – Digestion, Absorption, & Assimilation of Carbohydrates, Proteins, & Lipids in human beings – Calorific values of proteins, carbohydrates and fats – Egestion – Digestion of Vitamins & Minerals – Appendix – Peristalsis (Reverse Peristalsis) – Diseases of the Digestive system |
| Alimentary canal & Digestive glands | Â | ||
| Process of Digestion | – Absorption of Digested products – Disorders of Nutritional & Digestive System (PEM, Constipation, Jaundice, Indigestion, Vomiting, Diarrhoea etc…) – Formula of Dental – Role of digestive enzymes & Gastrointestinal Hormones |
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| Breathing and Exchange of Gases | Â | – Difference between Breathing & Respiration – Respiratory Organs – Role of Diffusion in the Respiratory system – Human Respiratory system – Partial pressure of oxygen in blood – Intra-Alveolar Pressure |
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| Respiratory System | – Mechanism of Breathing – Respiratory volumes & Capacities – Exchanges of Gases – Transport of Gases (Transport of Oxygen, Transport of Carbon dioxide) |
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| Regulation of Respiration | – Deep or Forced or Voluntary Breathing – Breathing rates – Respiratory Pigments – Disorders of Respiratory system (Emphysema, Asthma, Occupational respiratory disorders) – Respiratory pigments |
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| Body Fluids and Circulation | Â | – Human heart & circulation – Types of Blood vessels – The Heart – Chambers of Heart – Heart Valves – Heart Wall – Mechanism of Blood Circulation/Coronary Circulation – Electrocardiogram – Pacemaker – Diseases of the Heart |
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| Blood Lymph & Spleen | – Blood (composition of blood, Blood groups, Coagulation of blood) – Lymph (Composition of Lymph & its function) – Spleen |
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| Circulatory Pathways | Â | ||
| Human Circulatory System | – Structure of human heart and blood vessels – Cardiac Cycle – Cardiac output – Electrocardiograph (ECG) – Double circulation – Regulation of cardiac activity – Portal system – Disorders of circulatory system (hypertension, angina pectoris, coronary artery disease, heart failure) – Difference between Open & Closed circulatory system – Difference between Arteries & Veins |
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| Excretory Products and Their Elimination | Â | – Different Nitrogenous products in different organisms (Ammonotelic, Ureotelic, Uricotelic) | |
| Excretory System of Human | – Ureters – Urinary Bladder – Urethra |
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| Urine Formation & Kidney functions | – Composition of Urine – Urea Formation – Urine formation – Osmoregulation – Mechanism of Concentration of the filtrate – Structure of Kidneys – Nephrons – Regulation of kidney function (Atrial natriuretic factor, Renin – angiotensin, ADH, and diabetes insipidus) – Role of other organs in excretion – Disorders of the Excretory system (renal failure, uraemia, renal calculi, nephritis) – Dialysis & Artificial kidney – Summary of events occurring in a Nephron – Differences between Male & Female Urethra – Excretory organs of different organisms |
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| Locomotion and Movement | Â | – Locomotion – Difference between Movement & Locomotion – Locomotor Movements – Types of movement (flagellar, ciliary, muscular) – Types of Muscles – Skeletal muscle (contractile proteins & muscle contraction) – Skeletal system & its functions – Movement of Cilia |
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| Muscle | – Types of Muscles (Skeletal Muscles, Visceral Muscles, Cardiac Muscles) – Structure of Contractile proteins – Mechanism of muscle contraction |
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| Skeletal System | – Bones of Cranium – Facial bones – Vertebral column – Atlas Vertebra – Lumber Vertebra – Coccyx – Sternum – Bones of Fore Limbs & Hind Limbs – Joints -Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal system (arthritis, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, tetany, osteoporosis, gout) |
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| Neural Control and Coordination | Â | – Nerve Impulse – Central Nervous system – Structure of Human Brain (Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain) – Difference between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous system – Human Sense Organs (Structure of the Eye & Ear, Stimulus & Response, Synapse, Second Brain in humans, Saltatory conduction) – Sensory perception |
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| Neuron/Nerve Cell | – Nissl’s granules – Cell processes – Peripheral nervous system (PNS) & Visceral nervous system (VNS) – Myelinogenesis in the Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) – Types of Neurons – Action potential in Exciting stage – Synaptic Transmission – Synapse – Neuroglia/Glial Cells |
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| Nervous System | – Central Nervous system – Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – Cerebrum – Corpus Callosum – Choroid Plexus – Some Analysis Centre found in the Cerebral Hemisphere – Functions of Brain – Spinal cord – Reflex Action – Reflex Arch – Peripheral Nervous System – Spinal Nerves – Autonomic Nervous system – Comparative account of Nervous system in Rabbit & Human – Eye (Refractive error of Eye) – The Ear |
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| Chemical Coordination and Integration | Â | –Â Classification of Hormones – Hypothalamus – Gonadal Hormones – Hormones from the kidney |
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| The Endocrine Glands – I | – The Hypothalamus – The Pituitary Gland – The Pineal Gland – Thyroid Gland – Parathyroid Gland – Thymus – Adrenal Gland |
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| The Endocrine Glands II | – Pancreas – Testis – Ovary – Mechanism of Hormone action – Role of hormones as messengers and regulators – Difference between Nervous & Endocrine Coordination – Difference between Hormone & Enzymes – Number of Hormones Secreted by Different Endocrine Glands – Anterior Pituitary Hormones – Posterior Pituitary Hormones – Hormones, Their chemical nature & functions – Disease caused by Hormonal Irregularities (Diabetes, Dwarfism, Cretinism, Acromegaly, Goiter, Exophthalmic goiter, Addision’s disease) – Hypoactivity and Hyperactivity and related disorders |
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Reproduction |
Reproduction in Organisms |  | – Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species – Asexual reproduction Modes of reproduction-Asexual and sexual reproduction – Modes – Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation – Vegetative propagation in plants. |
| Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants |  | – Flower structure – Development of male and female gametophytes – Pollination-types, agencies and examples – Outbreedings devices – Pollen-Pistil interaction – Double fertilization – Post fertilization events – Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit – Special modes – Apomixis, Parthenocarpy, Polyembryony – Significance of seed & fruit formation. |
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| Human Reproduction |  | – Male and female reproductive systems – Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary – Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis – Menstrual cycle – Fertilisation embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation – Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea) – Parturition (Elementary idea) – Lactation (Elementary idea). |
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| Reproductive Health |  | – Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) – Birth control – Need and Methods, Contraception & Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) – Amniocentesis – Infertility & assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness). |
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Genetics and Evolution |
Principles of Inheritance and Variation |  | – Mendelian Inheritance (Mendelian genetics) – Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy – Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance – Inheritance patterns – Chromosome theory of inheritance – Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – in humans, birds, honey bee – Linkage and crossing over – Sex linked inheritance – Haemophilia, Colour blindness – Mendelian disorder in humans – Thalassemia – Chromosomal disorders in humans – Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes |
| Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Molecular Genetics) |  | – Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material – Structure of DNA and RNA – DNA packaging – DNA replication – Central dogma– Transcription, genetic code, translation – Gene expression and regulation – Lac Operon – Genome and human ganeome project – DNA fingerprinting |
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| Evolution |  | – Origin of life – Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence) – Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution – Patterns of evolution – Mechanism of evolution – Variation (Mutation and Recombination) & Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection – Gene flow and genetic drift – Hardy – Weinberg’s principle – Adaptive Radiation – Population Genetics & Human Evolution |
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Biology and Human Welfare |
Human Health and Diseases |  | – Pathogens – Parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) – Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines – Cancer, HIV and AIDs – Adolescene, drug and alcholol abuse. |
| Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production | Improvement in Food Production | – Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculature and Animal husbandry. | |
| Microbes in Human Welfare |  | – In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers – Antibiotics – Production and judicious use. |
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Biotechnology and Its Applications |
Biotechnology – Principles and Processes | Â | – Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology). |
| Biotechnology and its Application |  | – Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy – Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops – Transgenic Animals – Biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents. |
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Ecology and Environment |
Ecology | Â | Explain Ecology Types of Ecology Role of Ecology in our lives Scope of Ecology |
| Organisms and Populations | Organisms and environment | – Habitat and niche, Population and ecological adaptations – Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism – Population attributes, Population growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution – Ecological Communities – Biomes – Biotic & Abiotic factors of Living Organisms – Strategies to adapt to Abiotic factors |
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| Ecosystem | Â | – Ecosystem Structure – Types of Ecosystem – Patterns & components of Ecosystem – Ecosystem services – Productivity and decomposition – Energy flow – Pyramids of number, biomass, energy – Nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous) – Ecological succession – Ecological services – carbon fixation, seed dispersal, pollination, oxygen release (in brief). |
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| Biodiversity and its Conservation | Â | – Concept of biodiversity – Patterns of biodiversity – Importance of biodiversity – Loss of biodiversity – Biodiversity conservation – Hotspots, endangered organisms, biosphere reserves, extinction, national parks, Red Data Book, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites |
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| Environmental Issues | Â | – Air pollution and its control – Water pollution and its control – Agrochemicals & their effects – Solid waste management – Radioactive waste management – Greenhouse effect & climate change – Ozone layer depletion – Deforestation – Any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s) – Effects of human intervention |
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BioChemistry Or Biological Chemistry |
 | – General biochemistry – Pathobiochemistry – Structural biology – Molecular & Cellular biology – Molecular medicine – Cancer research – Virology – Immunology – Plant molecular biology and biochemistry – Novel experimental methodologies |
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| Â | – Chemical Biology – Epigenetics and DNA Mutation – Biosensors and Diagnostics – Drug Design – Biophysics and Structural Biology – Biofuel Cells – Biomaterials and Drug Delivery – Interfacial and Bioanalytical Chemistry (IBAC) – Enzymology |
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